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FORMULAS
Ohm's Law:
Ohms = Volts/Amperes (R = E/I)
Amperes = Volts/Ohms (I = E/R)
Volts = Amperes x Ohms (E = IR)
Power-- A/C Circuits:
Efficiency = 746 x Output Horsepower
Input Watts
Three-Phase Kilowatts= Volts x Amperes x Power Factor x 1.732
1000
Three-Phase Volt-Amperes = Volts x Amperes x 1.732
3-Phase Amperes = 746 x Horsepower
1.732 x Volts x Efficiency x Power Factor
3-Phase Efficiency = 746 x Horsepower
Volts x Amperes x Power Factor x 1.732
Three-Phase Power Factor = Input Watts
Volts x Amperes x 1.732
Single-Phase Kilowatts = Volts x Amperes x Power Factor
1000
Single-Phase Amperes = 746 x Horsepower
Volts x Efficiency x Power Factor
Single-Phase Efficiency = 746 x Horsepower
Volts x Amperes x Power Factor
Single-Phase Power Factor = Input Watts
Volts x Amperes
Horsepower (3-phase) = Volts x Amperes x 1.732 x Efficiency x Power Factor
746
Horsepower (1-phase) = Volts x Amperes x Efficiency x Power Factor
746
Power - D-C Circuits:
Watts = Volts x Amperes (W = EI)
Amperes = Watts (I = W/E)
Volts
Horsepower = Volts x Amperes x Efficiency
746
Speed - A-C Machinery:
Synchronous RPM = Hertz x 120
Poles
Percent Slip = Synchronous RPM - Full-Load RPM x 100
Synchronous RPM
Motor Application:
Torque (lb.-ft.) = Horsepower x 5250
RPM
Horsepower = Torque (lb.-ft.) x RPM
5250
Time for Motor to Reach Operating Speed (seconds):
Seconds = WK2 x Speed Change
308 x Avg. Accelerating Torque
WK2 = Inertia of Rotor + Inertia of Load (lb.-ft.2)
Average Accelerating Torque = [(FLT + BDT)/2] + BDT + LRT
3
FLT = Full-Load Torque BDT = Breakdown Torque
LRT = Locked Rotor Torque
Load WK2 (at motor shaft) = WK2 (Load) x Load RPM2
Motor RPM2
Shaft Stress (P.S.I.) = HP x 321,000
RPM x Shaft Diam.3
Centrifugal Applications:
Affinity Laws for Centrifugal Applications
Flow1 = RPM1
Flow2 RPM2
Pres1 = (RPM1)2
Pres2 (RPM2)2
BHP1 = (RPM1)3
BHP2 (RPM2)3
For Pumps:
BHP = GPM x FT x Specific Gravity
3960 x Efficiency of Pump
BHP = GPM x PSI x Specific Gravity
1713 x Efficiency of Pump
Head in Feet = 2.31 PSIG
For Fans and Blowers:
BHP = CFM x PSF
33000 x Efficiency of Fan
BHP = CFM x PSW
6344 x Efficiency of Fan
BHP = CFM x PSI
229 x Efficiency of Fan
Where:
BHP = Brake Horsepower
CFM = Cubic Feet per Minute
FT = Feet
GPM = Gallons per minute
PSI = Pounds per square inch
PSIG = Pounds per square inch gravity
PSF = Pounds per square foot
PIW = Inches of water gauge
Specific Gravity of Water = 1.0
INDUSTRY ABBREVIATIONS
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cm = centimeter |
cu. = cubic |
ft. = foot |
gl. = gallon (US) |
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gr. = gram |
Imp. = Imperial |
in. = inch |
kg. = kilogram |
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km. = kilometer |
l. = liter |
lb. = pound |
m. = meter |
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mi. = mile |
oz. = ounce |
qt. = quart |
std. = standard |
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US = United States |
yd. = yard |
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LENGTH MEASUREMENTS
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Common Usage |
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Reciprocal Value |
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1 ft. = 12 in.. |
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1 in. = 0.0833 ft. |
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1 yd. = 3 ft. |
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1 ft. = 0.3333 yd. |
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1 rod = 5.5000 yd. |
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1 yd. = 0.1818 rods |
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1 furlong = 40 rods |
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1 rod = 0.0250 furlongs |
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1 mile = 8 furlongs |
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1 furlong = 0.1250 mi. |
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1 mi. = 5,280 ft. |
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1 ft. = 0.000189 mi. |
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1 mi. = 1,760 yd. |
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1 yd. = 0.000568 mi. |
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1 fathom = 6 ft. |
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1 ft. = 0.1667 fathom |
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120 fathoms = 1 cable |
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1 cable = 0.00833 fathoms |
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1 league = 3 mi. |
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1 mi. = 0.3333 leagues |
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1 nautical mi. = 6076.11 ft. |
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1 ft. = 0.000165 natical mi. |
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1 hand = 5 in. (equestrian) |
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1 in. = 0.2000 hands |
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METRIC |
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1 in. = 2.54 cm. |
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1 cm. = 0.3937 in. |
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1 ft. = 30.48 cm. |
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1 cm. = 0.0328 ft. |
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1 m. = 3.2808 ft. |
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1 ft. = 0.3048 m. |
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1 m. = 39.37 in. |
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1 in. = 0.0254 m. |
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1 m. = 1.0936 yd. |
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1 yd. = 0.9144 m. |
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1 rod = 5.029 m. |
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1 m. = 0.1988 rod |
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1 km = 1000 m. |
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1 m. = 0.001 km. |
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1 km = 0.621 mi. |
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1 mi. = 1.6103 km. |
SQUARE MEASURES
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Common Usage |
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Reciprocal Value |
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1 sq. ft. = 144 sq. in. |
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1 sq. in = 0.0069 sq. in. |
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1 sq. yd. = 9 sq. ft. |
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1 sq. ft. = 0.1111 sq. yd. |
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1 sq. rod = 30.25 sq. yd. |
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1 sq. yd. = 0.0331 sq. rods |
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1 sq. mi. = 640 acres |
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1 acre = 0.0016 sq. mi. |
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METRIC |
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1 sq. cm. = 0.1550 sq. in. |
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1 sq. in. = 6.452 sq. cm. |
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1 sq. ft. = 0.0929 sq. m. |
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1 sq. m. = 10.7643 sq. ft. |
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1 sq. m. = 1.196 sq. yd. |
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1 sq. yd. = 0.8361 sq. m. |
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1 hectare = 2.47 acres |
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1 acre = 0.4049 hectares |
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1 sq. km. = 0.386 sq. mi. |
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1 sq. mi. = 2.59 sq. km. |
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